Indlu yeziqukathi zokuthutha iwuhlobo oluhlukile lwekhaya olusebenzisa iziqukathi ezipakishiwe ukuze zisekele isakhiwo.Lokhu kukhawulela uhlobo lomklamo ongadalwa.Kodwa amakhaya amaningi okuthuthwa kwemikhumbi asephenduke izindawo zikanokusho ezinohlu lwezici ezifana namadekhi ophahleni namachibi okubhukuda.Nakuba lezi zindlu zibiza kakhulu, zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi.
Ubudlelwano be-Neutra nepsychology yesimanje
Esinye sezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu zomsebenzi we-Neutra ubuhlobo bakhe nengqondo yesimanje.U-Neutra wayengumngane oseduze wendodana endala kaSigmund Freud, imibono yakhe yokungazi lutho yayinethonya elikhulu kuye.UFreud wayebheka i-psyche njengento eguquguqukayo, esebenzisanayo futhi ekholelwa ukuthi ukungazi lutho kukhipha amandla engqondo ezweni elingaphandle ngokuqagela.Lokhu kuqonda ukuthi ingqondo isebenza kanjani kwaba yingxenye ebalulekile yokusebenza kweNeutra kamuva.
Umdwebi wezakhiwo wayekholelwa ukuthi izindlu zithinta ingqondo yabahlali bazo, futhi izindawo eziningi zokuhlala kwakhe ezizimele ogwini oluseNtshonalanga zathonywa yile mbono.Lo mbono wawusho ukuthi ingaphakathi nengaphandle lendlu kufanele kuvumelane, okwenza abahlali bazizwe bezolile futhi bejabule.
Ku-Life and Human Habitat, i-Neutra iveze izimiso ze-biorealism futhi yathuthukisa umqondo ngemiklamo yendawo yokuhlala.Ikhaya liyindawo esondelene kakhulu futhi umakhi wafuna ukwakha amakhaya azobumba umzimba nengqondo.Njengoba indawo eyakhiwe iqukethe ukungqubuzana okukhulu okubonakalayo nokushayisana, kwakubalulekile ukuklama ikhaya elinomklamo ongalolonga lokhu kusabela.
Naphezu kokuba umuntu onethonya elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, ubudlelwano bukaNeutra nepsychology yesimanje ngokuvamile babubukelwa phansi.Kwakubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi wayenobudlelwane obuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nomkakhe.Akunakwenzeka ukuthi umkakhe ubengaba umngane wakhe, njengoba wayeshade naye.
Ukuthambekela kukaNeutra esisekelweni sesayensi kwenze abanye bangabaza ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe ungahlukaniswa yini nesiko le-phenomenological.Nakuba eyi-Modernist ye-canonical, inkolelo-mbono yakhe ibeka izimfanelo zobuhle bezakhiwo ekubalulekeni okwesibili.Ngenxa yalokho, ubuhlobo bakhe ne-psychology yesimanje kunzima ukuvumelanisa nezakhiwo.
Izindleko zekhaya lesitsha
Lapho wakha ikhaya lesitsha, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi intengo ingahluka kakhulu.Kunezici ezimbalwa ezinganyusa noma zehlise intengo, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi unokulindela okungokoqobo.Inqubo yokwakha ingenziwa ngesabelomali futhi ingaqedwa esikhathini esingamasonto, hhayi izinyanga.
Ungaqala ngokuthola ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lwendlu yesiqukathi luzobiza malini ngonyawo lwesikwele ngasinye.Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuthi unqume inani lesikhala olidingayo ekhaya lakho elisha.Uzokwazi futhi ukunquma inani lamakamelo okulala kanye nesakhiwo esidingayo.Uma usunombono wokuthi ikhaya lakho elisha lizobiza malini ngonyawo lwesikwele, ungaqala ukubheka iziqukathi ezihlangabezana nemibandela oyimisile.
Ikhaya lesitsha sokuhambisa liyindlela enhle uma ufuna ukwakha ikhaya lesimanje elinokutshalwa kwezimali okuncane.Ungathenga imodeli elula ngamadola ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi kuya kwezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu, futhi inkambiso ehlanganisa zonke izinsiza zekhaya lendabuko ingabiza kufika ku-$70k.
Izindleko zendlu yesiqukathi zincike kusayizi wayo, ukwakheka, kanye nezinga lokuqedwa.Imizi eminingi yeziqukathi ingamamitha angu-20 noma angu-40 ubude, kodwa ungathola nesiqukathi esingamamitha angu-40 ngemali encane engu-$4,000.Ezinye iziqukathi zingenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo ukuze kwengezwe unyawo lwekhanda ukuze kube nesikhala esengeziwe.
Uma usunqume ukucaciswa kwekhaya lakho, kufanele uxhumane nomakhi wasekhaya wesitsha sokuthumela futhi uqale ukuxoxisana ngentengo.Kuya ngedizayini, usayizi nesakhiwo seyunithi yakho, ungalindela ukuchitha phakathi kwamadola ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi namashumi amahlanu ngeyunithi ye-bachelor enezinsiza eziyisisekelo.Ungaphinda ukhethe izinketho ezihlukene zokuvala ingaphandle.Ungaphinda ukhethe phakathi kwezinketho eziningi zokuqeda ingaphakathi, njenge-flooring namafasitela.
Ukuphepha kwekhaya lesitsha
Uma uzibuza mayelana nokuphepha kwekhaya lesitsha, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi iziqukathi zokuthutha ziqine kakhulu.Zenzelwe ukumelana nemimoya efika ku-180 ngehora, futhi eminingi yakhelwe ukumelana neziphepho.Enye inzuzo yezindlu zamabhokisi ukuthi ngokuvamile azikwazi ukugqwala.Iziqukathi zensimbi zingenwa ukugqwala esimweni sezulu esibi kakhulu, kodwa iziqukathi ezinezinhlangothi ezengeziwe zimelana kakhulu.
Okukodwa okukhulu okukhathazayo mayelana nezindlu zamabhokisi emikhumbi ingozi yomlilo.Nakuba iziqukathi zokuthutha zigxilile ezisekelweni zikakhonkolo, iziqukathi zokuthutha ziqukethe izinhlobonhlobo zamakhemikhali ezingadala umonakalo endlini.Lawa makhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukwelapha phansi izinkuni ngaphakathi kweziqukathi, kanye nokuzivikela ekuchayekeni emanzini anosawoti.Ukwengeza, zisetshenziselwa inqubo yokudweba, futhi uma zichithekile noma ziphefumula, zingaba yingozi.
Izindlu zeziqukathi nazo zi-eco-friendly.Ezinye zakhiwe ngeziqukathi zokuthutha ezigaywe kabusha, kanti ezinye zakhiwe ngezintsha.Izindlu zeziqukathi zingakhiwa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezisekelo, okuhlanganisa namapherimitha kakhonkolo athululiwe kanye nama-slabs kakhonkolo agcwele.Ngemva kokulinganisa umhlabathi, iziqukathi zokuthutha zigxilwe esisekelweni.
Nakuba iziqukathi zokuthutha zingebona ubufakazi benhlekelele ngokuphelele, zingahlonywa ngophahla olungamanga kanye nokufakwa ngaphakathi ukuze zikhululeke kakhudlwana.Ngokufakwa okulungile, iziqukathi zokuthutha zingasetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala yesikhashana.Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziqukathi zokuthutha zingangcwatshwa ekujuleni komhlaba futhi ziboshwe ngokuphepha.Lokhu kungangeza isikhala esengeziwe ekhaya lakho kuyilapho kuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwakho.
Uma ufuna indlela encane ne-eco-friendly yokuhlala endaweni yasemadolobheni, ikhaya lesitsha somkhumbi lingase libe yimpendulo yakho.Lawa makhaya enziwe ngeziqukathi zokuthutha ezihloselwe kabusha futhi angaba yisixazululo esiluhlaza futhi esingabizi kakhulu.Ukuguquguquka kokuthuthwa kwesitsha kungenye inzuzo enkulu.
Ukulungiswa kabusha kweziqukathi ezingasetshenzisiwe
Isitokwe esikhula ngokushesha seziqukathi zemikhumbi ezingasetshenzisiwe sinikeza abaklami abacabanga phambili nabaklami amathuba amasha okuthenga kabusha iziqukathi ukuze zisetshenziswe ezindaweni zokuhlala.Nakuba ukuguqula iziqukathi zokuthutha zibe ezindlini akuyona into entsha, umkhuba wakamuva wokwakha izindlu zamabhokisi esimanje wenza kube nokwenzeka ngabantu abaningi ukuba babe nezindlu ezingabizi kakhulu, ezivumelana nemvelo.
Iziqukathi zokuthumela ezihloselwe kabusha ziguquguquka, ziqinile, futhi zibiza kancane.Ziyakwazi ukumelana nokugqwala, umlilo kanye nezinambuzane, okuzenza zibe inketho evumelana nemvelo ukuze zisetshenziswe ezindaweni zokuhlala nezamabhizinisi.Lezi zindlu zidinga ukunakekelwa okuyisisekelo kuphela, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanzwa ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nokuhlolwa kokugqwala.
Ngenxa yokuthi iziqukathi zokuthumela zishibhile, iziqukathi eziphinde zasetshenziswa zingaba enye indlela enhle kunempahla yokwakha evamile.Lezi zindlu zingathuthwa kalula ngaphandle kwesidingo sezisekelo ezibanzi futhi kulula futhi ukuthuthwa uma kunesidingo.Ngomzamo omncane kanye nosizo lwezinsizakalo zokuthumela zendawo, izindlu zeziqukathi zokuthutha zingasuswa endaweni eyodwa ziye kwenye ngaphandle kokuhlupheka okuningi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlu zeziqukathi zokuthutha zinganikwa amandla ngamaphaneli elanga noma ibhodlela legesi eliphathwayo.Ngaleyo ndlela, abahlali bangaphila ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngamanani kagesi namanzi.
Enye inzuzo enkulu yeziqukathi zokuthutha ikhono lazo lokugaywa kabusha.Olunye ucwaningo olwenziwe yiCambridge University Press lubike ukuthi kusetshenziswa iziqukathi zemikhumbi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu unyaka ngamunye.Isilinganiso sokuphila kwalezi zitsha cishe iminyaka eyi-12.Lezi zitsha aziwona nje umthombo obalulekile wendawo ezungezile, kodwa futhi ziyindlela enhle kakhulu yokwenza izinto zokwakha zendabuko njengezitini, usimende, nezingodo.
Ukusimama kwezindlu zamabhokisi
Ukuthandwa kwezindlu zeziqukathi zokuthutha kukhule kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi bayakungabaza ukusimama kwalezi zindlu.Eqinisweni, lezi zindlu aziyona inketho esimeme kakhulu, kodwa zinezinzuzo eziningi, kuhlanganise nokungabizi kakhulu kanye nokuhambisana nemvelo.Iziqukathi zokuthutha ngokwazo zasungulwa ngo-1956, futhi ekuqaleni zazihloselwe ukuthutha izimpahla ziwela izilwandle.Kodwa-ke, ngeminyaka yawo-1960, uPhilip Clark wafaka ilungelo lobunikazi lokuguqula iziqukathi zemikhumbi zibe izakhiwo ezihlalekayo.
Ikhaya lesitsha sokuthutha lidinga cishe u-400 kWh wamandla ukuze lakhiwe.Lokhu kuncane kakhulu kunamandla asetshenziswa isakhiwo esisha esijwayelekile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa kabusha iziqukathi zokuthutha kunciphisa inani lezinto ezintsha ezidingekayo emsebenzini wokwakha.Iphinde yehlise imfucuza.Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlu yendabuko, ikhaya lesitsha lithatha amandla angaphansi kwamaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwendlu yeziqukathi kungancishiswa ngokufaka izindonga nephansi lesitsha.Lokhu kungehlisa inani lamandla adingekayo ukufudumala noma ukupholisa ikhaya.Ukwengeza, uma ikhaya liba lincane, amandla amancane adingeka ukulishisisa nokulipholisa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhaya lesitsha esincane lidinga amanzi amancane namandla kunejwayelekile.
Ngaphezu kokunciphisa inani lezinto ezintsha zokwakha, izindlu zeziqukathi zokuthutha nazo zisiza ekulondolozeni izinsiza zensimbi ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.Lokhu kubenza babe inketho enhle kakhulu kulabo abakhathalela imvelo.Lokhu kuzuzisa ikakhulukazi lapho kubhekene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, osekuyinkinga enkulu kakade.Izindlu zezitsha zokuthutha nazo zinganciphisa umthwalo emvelweni ngokunciphisa umthamo wemfucuza yokwakha.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlu zeziqukathi zokuthutha zidinga amandla amancane kunamakhaya avamile, okuwenza abe ne-eco-friendly.
Ukwakhiwa kweziqukathi zokuthutha kuyinketho eqhubekayo, futhi kuyindlela enhle yokubhekana nokushoda kwezindlu.Ikhaya lesitsha sokuthutha lingakhiwa ngokushesha futhi ngokungabizi.Iziqukathi zokuthutha ngokwazo ziza ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, kusukela kumamitha ayishumi ukujula kuya kumamitha amathathu ukujula.